Identification
Brownish-olive to gray-green above, with light wingbars and a pale throat. Vocalizations are important for identification among similar flycatchers.
Southwestern United States · Central America
Southwestern Willow Flycatcher
Empidonax traillii extimus
A summer voice in riverside thickets.
Water and dense vegetation shape the breeding habitat of this migratory flycatcher. Its voice is especially useful when separating it from similar-looking birds.
Federal ESA · EndangeredSouthwestern subspecies
Habitat & seasonal context
Know the species before planning.
Habitat
Nesting vegetation can include willow, cottonwood, or tamarisk near wet soils, standing water, or streams. Local conditions shape the habitat.
Seasonal life
A summer breeder in the United States, it migrates to Central American wintering areas and is generally gone by the end of September.
Natural history: USFWS species account.
Conservation status
Endangered
The endangered listing covers Empidonax traillii extimus, the southwestern subspecies of Willow Flycatcher.
Federal list checked September 23, 2026. View the current federal list.
What shapes its future?
Altered river flows, habitat loss, and fire can reduce or disrupt breeding areas. Vegetation used during migration may differ from nesting habitat.
Federal status is one part of the picture. State listings and project requirements vary by location.
Read further
Official references
- USFWS species accountIdentification, breeding habitat, migration, and threats.
- USGS natural history & survey protocol2010 reference; confirm current agency instructions before use.
- Federal endangered & threatened wildlife list50 CFR 17.11 · Current federal listing and population scope.
Sources reviewed September 23, 2026.